![Picture](/uploads/2/4/4/7/24472710/9104902.jpg)
Reign: Octorober 49 BC - 15 March 4BC (as dictator and/or consul)
Full name: Gaius Julius Caesar
Born: July 100 BC
Birthplace: Rome
Died: 15 March 44 BC (aged 55)
Place of death: Curia of pompey, Rome death
Consort: Cornelia Cinna minor 84 - 64 BC Pompeia 68 - 63 BC Calpurnia Pisonis 59 - 44 BC
Issue: Julia Caesaris c. 73 - 54 BC Caesarion 47 - 30 BC Augustus 63 BC - 14 AD (grandnephew , posthumously adopted as Caesar's son in 44BC)
Royal: Julio-Claudian
House
Father: Gaius Julius Caesar
Mother: Aurelia Cotta
Religious: Roman paganism
belifes
Early life and career
Caesar's early life
Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general, statesman, Consul and notable aothor of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the ride of the Roman Republic and the rise of Roman Empire. Caesar was born into a partrician family, the gens Juila, which claimed descent from lulus, son of legendary Teojan prince Aeneas, supposedly the son the goddess Venus. As a member of a rich famliy and at a young age he had realized that money was the key to Roman politics Caesar's was just fifteen when his father die. He first step was to marry into a rich family like his. Further he began building a network of connections, some of which with politicans currently out of favour (the supporter of Marius). But these were dangerous contacts to have. Sulla was dictator of Rome and was seeking to wipe out Marian sympathizers.
Caesar goes into Exile
Caesar left Rome to join the army. Naturally, as a member of a rich family he didn't enter the forces as common soldier.His first posting was as a military assistant. After he was posted to Cilicia, where he proved himself a capable and courageous soldier, winning praise for having saved the life of a comrade. His next assignment was in one of the armies which crushed Spartacus' slave rebellion after this Caesar left the army, yet he did not want to go back to Rome Instead he spent time in the south of Italy improving his education. Caesar later star public speaker and much of this will undoubtedly have come from his training in rhetoric. "Do you know any man who, even if he has concentrated on the art of oratory to the exclusion of all else, can speak better than Caesar?" (quote by Cicero). Caesar spend his winter on the island of Rhodes, but his ship was captured by pirates, who help him hostage for about forth days, until he was free. Caesar's next task was to organize a force to defend Roman property along the coast of Asia Minor (Turkey).
Caesar returns from Exile
Meanwhile the regime in Rome had change and Caesar could return home. Based on this Caesar successfully campaigned for a post in the Roman administration . Caesar served in 63 BC as a quaetor in Spain where Alexander had conquered most of the know world at thirty, Caesar at merely seen as a dandy who had squandered his wife's fortunes as well as his own. Caesar returned home, His first wife had died so Caesar once more got marriage. But Caesar declared that he could not live with a woman even suspected of adultery. For the next years, Caesar continued to buy popularity, both with the people of Rome as well as with the high and mighty in important places. "He showed himself perfectly prepared to serve and flatter everybody even ordinary people... and he did not mind temporarily grovelling"( quote by Dio Cassius).
Caesar in Spain
In 60 BC Caesar's career took him back to Spain. At the ages of 41 he was awarded the post of praetor. It may well have been that the senate decided to send the young upstart to a troubled region, in order to have him fail. Trouble had been brewing with the local tribes in Spain for long time. Caesar discovered a talent for military command which he himself hadn't know he possessed. But more so the ability of capturing some spoils of war for himself, to put his personal finances back to right and repay his debt was what rescued his career. If there was on lesson, Caesar learnt in Spain then it was that war could be politically and financially very profitable.
Caesar allies with Pompey and Crassus "The First Triumvirate"
In 59 BC Caesar want back to Rome, having proved himself a capable ruler. The triumvirate helped Caesar achieve his greatest ambition to that day. The political influence he had built up in his previous years of bribery, together with the enormous power and influrnce of Grassus and pompey managed to virtually oust the second consul, L. The historian Suetonius tells of people joking of it being not the joint consulship of "Bibulus and Caesar", but of 'Julius and Caesar". These were laws hardly likely to make Caesar less popular than he was, and yet they reveal that he also possessed insight into the problems weighing on Rome at the time. Caesar also remarried, once again to a bride from a very influential Roman household.
Caesar becomes Governor of Gaul
As his one-year term of office as consul came to an end, Caesar needed to think of finding a new office into which to retire from his current position. He therefore obtained for himself the governorship of Cisalpine Gaul, Illyricum and - due to the sudden death of that governor - Transalpine Gaul for a period of five years, which was later extended for a second term. The following military campaign Caesar then embarked upon against the Gauls is still subject of study to students at military academies today. Caesar had read the informed himself now also he should benefit on the experience he had gathered in leading troops in Spain. Caesar at first was hoping to conquer the lands north of Italy. Over the next few years he wants to raise a force of ten legions, about 50'000 men, as well as 10'000 to 20'000 allies, slave and slaves and camp followers.
Caesar defeats the Germans
But no sooner was this done a large for of Germans, Sueves and Swabians, crossed the Rhine and then entered into the Roman part of Gaul. The Germans were the larger army and the fighting prowess but they did not possess the iron discipline of the Roman army. On learning that the Germans believed in a prophecy that they should lose the battle if they fought before the new moon, Caesar forced a battle upon them immediately. But the Germans were defeated and large number of them were slaughtered, trying to escape the field of battle.
Caesar defeats the Nervii
The following years (57 BC) Caesar marched his troops northwards to deal with the Belgae. The Nervii were the leading tribe of the Celtic Belgae want to attack the Roman forces, as they feared Caesar might otherwise conquer all of Gaul. But it gave Caesar all the reason he need to being a full-scale war and invade Nervian territory. But it is due to that oversight that Caesar was taken by surprise times during his campaigns in Gaul. When the decisive battle eventually came, the Nervii fought heroically, and the battle for some time hung in the balance, but they were defeated. Having conquered most of
Gaul, Caesar met up with the two other triumvirs in 56 BC in the town of Luca in Cisalpine Gaul.
Caesar launches attacks on Germany and Britain
Then in 55 BC another invasion of Germans demanded Caesar's attention. Caesar continue in building a bridge across the river Rhine. His description of events states only took he 10 days to construct the wooden bridge. recent experiments by having indeed proved it possible. The meaning of the bridge was mainly symbolic. The senate however was agered at Caesar's flouting of the rules. Governor of Gaul Caesar was by no means entitled to take any action against territory east of the Rhine but Caesar did not care for what his enemies in the senate thought of him.
Gaul rises against Caesar
He return from Britain in the autumn of 54 BC, Caesar faced a large revolt of the Belgae. The rest of 54 BC and following year he were spent subduing the rebellious tribes and reveging the lands of those who had risen against him. In 52 BC Gaul arose in a massive revolt against its conqueror. The chief Vercingetorix, almost all the tribes of Gaul, except for three, allied against the Romans. At first Vercingetorix achieved some advances, trying to starve the Romas out of Gaul. Caesar had spent the winter in Cisalpine Gual and now hurried, at great danger to himself back to join his troops.
The Battle of Alesia
Alas, Vercingetorix mad his fatal error. Rather than continuing his small scale guerilla war against Roman raiding parties looking for food for the army. The amassed Gallic army then launch a fulscale attack on Caesar's army and suffered a terrible defeat. Alas, a massive relief force arrived, gathered from all parts of Gaul. Caesar tells of a force of 250'000 thousand infantry and 8'000 cavalry. The accuracy of such estimates is unclear, and one must consider that Caesar might well have exaggerated the scale of his challenge. However high he odds were facing him, Caesar did not retire. The Gallic relief force realized its defeat and retired Vercingetorix admitted defeat and retired. Vercingetorix admitted defeat and the day after surrendered in person. Caesar had won the battle of Alesia (52 BC).
Caesar, Master of Gaul
Vercingetorix was offered no mercy. He was paraded through the streets of Rome in Caesar's triumph march, during which he was ritually strangled. The inhabitants of Alesia and the captured Gallic soldiers fared little better. They were shared out as slaves among the victorious Roman soldiers, who either kept them to help carry baggage, or sold them to the slave traders which accompanied the army. It took Caesar a year to quell Gallic resistance to Roman rule. When Caesar had finished his series of brilliant campaigns, he had changed the nature of the Roman empire from a purely Mediterranean realm into western European empire.
Caesar crosses the Rubicon, takes Rome
But then things turned nasty in 51 BC when Caesar's governorship of Gaul was revoked by the senate. This Caesar hanging high and dry, needing to fear prosecution for past irregularities once he returned to Rome. In 49 BC Caesar crossed the Rubicon, the demarcation line between his province and Italy. Accustomed to working at top speed from his time in Gaul he dictated letters to two secretaries while on horseback! Caesar went to work.
Caesar defeats Pompey
Caesar might have rule Rome. But things were far from under control, just because the capital lay in his hands. The entire state of Rome was under threat and only one man could stop Caesar - Pompey. But with Pompey forced to flee eastwards, Caesar was left to turn to Spain to put the Pompeian legions there out action. Caesar now turned east to deal with Pompey himself. The Pompeians controlled the seas, causing him great difficulty in setting across to Epirus, where he was shut up within his own lines by a much larger army of Pompey in November. Caesar avoided a pitched battle with some difficulty, whilst wating for Mark Antony to join him with the second army in spring 48 BC.
Caesar in the East
Caesar in hot pursuit of Pompey arrived in Alexandria, only to get entangled in the quarrels of succession to the throne of the Egyptian monarchy. Initially asked to help settle a dispute, Caesar soon found himself attacked by Egyptian royal troops and needed to hold out for help to arrive. The Pompeians still controlling the seas with their fleet, made it nigh impossible for Rome to send help. Caesar first dealt with king Parnaces, the son of Mithridates of the Pontus, before returning to Rome. Pharanaces used the Roman's to recover his father's lands. It was after this crushing victory in Asia Minor (Turkey) that he sent his celebrated message to the senate 'veni, vidi, vici' (I came, I saw, I conquered.)
Caesar, Dictator of Rome
Back home Caesar had been confirmed dictator in his absence, an appointment which was regularly renewed thereafter. with this began an era, the rule of Rome being held by men who successively held the name Caesar, by birth or adoption. The fact that Caesar had not returned home at once had give Pomey's sons enough time to raise new armies. But Caesar did manage to persuade a senate which knew it possessed no effective powers to declare him dictator for life. Julius Caesar was king of Rome in all but title. Caesar then began to plan a campaign against the vast parthian empire in the east, Why is unclear.
The Murder of Caesar
But Caesar's campaign against Parthia was not to be. Five months his back in Rome, only three days before his departure on campaign to the east, Caesar was dead, at the hands of a band of senatorial conspirators led by Marcus Jumius Brutus (d 42 BC) and Gaius Cassius Longinus (d 42 BC), both former Pompeians who'd been pardoned by Caesar after the battle of Pharsalus. He was, at the excuse of some of the connspirators, who claimed to want to present a petition to him, lured into one of the back room of Pampey's Theatre in Rome. (The rooms of the theatre were used for senatorial affairs, while the senate building was being restored.) There the conspirators pounced and Caesar was stabbed 23 times (15 March 44 BC).
sources:
http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/caesar-index.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar
http://www.history.com/topics/julius-caesar/photos#
Full name: Gaius Julius Caesar
Born: July 100 BC
Birthplace: Rome
Died: 15 March 44 BC (aged 55)
Place of death: Curia of pompey, Rome death
Consort: Cornelia Cinna minor 84 - 64 BC Pompeia 68 - 63 BC Calpurnia Pisonis 59 - 44 BC
Issue: Julia Caesaris c. 73 - 54 BC Caesarion 47 - 30 BC Augustus 63 BC - 14 AD (grandnephew , posthumously adopted as Caesar's son in 44BC)
Royal: Julio-Claudian
House
Father: Gaius Julius Caesar
Mother: Aurelia Cotta
Religious: Roman paganism
belifes
Early life and career
Caesar's early life
Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general, statesman, Consul and notable aothor of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the ride of the Roman Republic and the rise of Roman Empire. Caesar was born into a partrician family, the gens Juila, which claimed descent from lulus, son of legendary Teojan prince Aeneas, supposedly the son the goddess Venus. As a member of a rich famliy and at a young age he had realized that money was the key to Roman politics Caesar's was just fifteen when his father die. He first step was to marry into a rich family like his. Further he began building a network of connections, some of which with politicans currently out of favour (the supporter of Marius). But these were dangerous contacts to have. Sulla was dictator of Rome and was seeking to wipe out Marian sympathizers.
Caesar goes into Exile
Caesar left Rome to join the army. Naturally, as a member of a rich family he didn't enter the forces as common soldier.His first posting was as a military assistant. After he was posted to Cilicia, where he proved himself a capable and courageous soldier, winning praise for having saved the life of a comrade. His next assignment was in one of the armies which crushed Spartacus' slave rebellion after this Caesar left the army, yet he did not want to go back to Rome Instead he spent time in the south of Italy improving his education. Caesar later star public speaker and much of this will undoubtedly have come from his training in rhetoric. "Do you know any man who, even if he has concentrated on the art of oratory to the exclusion of all else, can speak better than Caesar?" (quote by Cicero). Caesar spend his winter on the island of Rhodes, but his ship was captured by pirates, who help him hostage for about forth days, until he was free. Caesar's next task was to organize a force to defend Roman property along the coast of Asia Minor (Turkey).
Caesar returns from Exile
Meanwhile the regime in Rome had change and Caesar could return home. Based on this Caesar successfully campaigned for a post in the Roman administration . Caesar served in 63 BC as a quaetor in Spain where Alexander had conquered most of the know world at thirty, Caesar at merely seen as a dandy who had squandered his wife's fortunes as well as his own. Caesar returned home, His first wife had died so Caesar once more got marriage. But Caesar declared that he could not live with a woman even suspected of adultery. For the next years, Caesar continued to buy popularity, both with the people of Rome as well as with the high and mighty in important places. "He showed himself perfectly prepared to serve and flatter everybody even ordinary people... and he did not mind temporarily grovelling"( quote by Dio Cassius).
Caesar in Spain
In 60 BC Caesar's career took him back to Spain. At the ages of 41 he was awarded the post of praetor. It may well have been that the senate decided to send the young upstart to a troubled region, in order to have him fail. Trouble had been brewing with the local tribes in Spain for long time. Caesar discovered a talent for military command which he himself hadn't know he possessed. But more so the ability of capturing some spoils of war for himself, to put his personal finances back to right and repay his debt was what rescued his career. If there was on lesson, Caesar learnt in Spain then it was that war could be politically and financially very profitable.
Caesar allies with Pompey and Crassus "The First Triumvirate"
In 59 BC Caesar want back to Rome, having proved himself a capable ruler. The triumvirate helped Caesar achieve his greatest ambition to that day. The political influence he had built up in his previous years of bribery, together with the enormous power and influrnce of Grassus and pompey managed to virtually oust the second consul, L. The historian Suetonius tells of people joking of it being not the joint consulship of "Bibulus and Caesar", but of 'Julius and Caesar". These were laws hardly likely to make Caesar less popular than he was, and yet they reveal that he also possessed insight into the problems weighing on Rome at the time. Caesar also remarried, once again to a bride from a very influential Roman household.
Caesar becomes Governor of Gaul
As his one-year term of office as consul came to an end, Caesar needed to think of finding a new office into which to retire from his current position. He therefore obtained for himself the governorship of Cisalpine Gaul, Illyricum and - due to the sudden death of that governor - Transalpine Gaul for a period of five years, which was later extended for a second term. The following military campaign Caesar then embarked upon against the Gauls is still subject of study to students at military academies today. Caesar had read the informed himself now also he should benefit on the experience he had gathered in leading troops in Spain. Caesar at first was hoping to conquer the lands north of Italy. Over the next few years he wants to raise a force of ten legions, about 50'000 men, as well as 10'000 to 20'000 allies, slave and slaves and camp followers.
Caesar defeats the Germans
But no sooner was this done a large for of Germans, Sueves and Swabians, crossed the Rhine and then entered into the Roman part of Gaul. The Germans were the larger army and the fighting prowess but they did not possess the iron discipline of the Roman army. On learning that the Germans believed in a prophecy that they should lose the battle if they fought before the new moon, Caesar forced a battle upon them immediately. But the Germans were defeated and large number of them were slaughtered, trying to escape the field of battle.
Caesar defeats the Nervii
The following years (57 BC) Caesar marched his troops northwards to deal with the Belgae. The Nervii were the leading tribe of the Celtic Belgae want to attack the Roman forces, as they feared Caesar might otherwise conquer all of Gaul. But it gave Caesar all the reason he need to being a full-scale war and invade Nervian territory. But it is due to that oversight that Caesar was taken by surprise times during his campaigns in Gaul. When the decisive battle eventually came, the Nervii fought heroically, and the battle for some time hung in the balance, but they were defeated. Having conquered most of
Gaul, Caesar met up with the two other triumvirs in 56 BC in the town of Luca in Cisalpine Gaul.
Caesar launches attacks on Germany and Britain
Then in 55 BC another invasion of Germans demanded Caesar's attention. Caesar continue in building a bridge across the river Rhine. His description of events states only took he 10 days to construct the wooden bridge. recent experiments by having indeed proved it possible. The meaning of the bridge was mainly symbolic. The senate however was agered at Caesar's flouting of the rules. Governor of Gaul Caesar was by no means entitled to take any action against territory east of the Rhine but Caesar did not care for what his enemies in the senate thought of him.
Gaul rises against Caesar
He return from Britain in the autumn of 54 BC, Caesar faced a large revolt of the Belgae. The rest of 54 BC and following year he were spent subduing the rebellious tribes and reveging the lands of those who had risen against him. In 52 BC Gaul arose in a massive revolt against its conqueror. The chief Vercingetorix, almost all the tribes of Gaul, except for three, allied against the Romans. At first Vercingetorix achieved some advances, trying to starve the Romas out of Gaul. Caesar had spent the winter in Cisalpine Gual and now hurried, at great danger to himself back to join his troops.
The Battle of Alesia
Alas, Vercingetorix mad his fatal error. Rather than continuing his small scale guerilla war against Roman raiding parties looking for food for the army. The amassed Gallic army then launch a fulscale attack on Caesar's army and suffered a terrible defeat. Alas, a massive relief force arrived, gathered from all parts of Gaul. Caesar tells of a force of 250'000 thousand infantry and 8'000 cavalry. The accuracy of such estimates is unclear, and one must consider that Caesar might well have exaggerated the scale of his challenge. However high he odds were facing him, Caesar did not retire. The Gallic relief force realized its defeat and retired Vercingetorix admitted defeat and retired. Vercingetorix admitted defeat and the day after surrendered in person. Caesar had won the battle of Alesia (52 BC).
Caesar, Master of Gaul
Vercingetorix was offered no mercy. He was paraded through the streets of Rome in Caesar's triumph march, during which he was ritually strangled. The inhabitants of Alesia and the captured Gallic soldiers fared little better. They were shared out as slaves among the victorious Roman soldiers, who either kept them to help carry baggage, or sold them to the slave traders which accompanied the army. It took Caesar a year to quell Gallic resistance to Roman rule. When Caesar had finished his series of brilliant campaigns, he had changed the nature of the Roman empire from a purely Mediterranean realm into western European empire.
Caesar crosses the Rubicon, takes Rome
But then things turned nasty in 51 BC when Caesar's governorship of Gaul was revoked by the senate. This Caesar hanging high and dry, needing to fear prosecution for past irregularities once he returned to Rome. In 49 BC Caesar crossed the Rubicon, the demarcation line between his province and Italy. Accustomed to working at top speed from his time in Gaul he dictated letters to two secretaries while on horseback! Caesar went to work.
Caesar defeats Pompey
Caesar might have rule Rome. But things were far from under control, just because the capital lay in his hands. The entire state of Rome was under threat and only one man could stop Caesar - Pompey. But with Pompey forced to flee eastwards, Caesar was left to turn to Spain to put the Pompeian legions there out action. Caesar now turned east to deal with Pompey himself. The Pompeians controlled the seas, causing him great difficulty in setting across to Epirus, where he was shut up within his own lines by a much larger army of Pompey in November. Caesar avoided a pitched battle with some difficulty, whilst wating for Mark Antony to join him with the second army in spring 48 BC.
Caesar in the East
Caesar in hot pursuit of Pompey arrived in Alexandria, only to get entangled in the quarrels of succession to the throne of the Egyptian monarchy. Initially asked to help settle a dispute, Caesar soon found himself attacked by Egyptian royal troops and needed to hold out for help to arrive. The Pompeians still controlling the seas with their fleet, made it nigh impossible for Rome to send help. Caesar first dealt with king Parnaces, the son of Mithridates of the Pontus, before returning to Rome. Pharanaces used the Roman's to recover his father's lands. It was after this crushing victory in Asia Minor (Turkey) that he sent his celebrated message to the senate 'veni, vidi, vici' (I came, I saw, I conquered.)
Caesar, Dictator of Rome
Back home Caesar had been confirmed dictator in his absence, an appointment which was regularly renewed thereafter. with this began an era, the rule of Rome being held by men who successively held the name Caesar, by birth or adoption. The fact that Caesar had not returned home at once had give Pomey's sons enough time to raise new armies. But Caesar did manage to persuade a senate which knew it possessed no effective powers to declare him dictator for life. Julius Caesar was king of Rome in all but title. Caesar then began to plan a campaign against the vast parthian empire in the east, Why is unclear.
The Murder of Caesar
But Caesar's campaign against Parthia was not to be. Five months his back in Rome, only three days before his departure on campaign to the east, Caesar was dead, at the hands of a band of senatorial conspirators led by Marcus Jumius Brutus (d 42 BC) and Gaius Cassius Longinus (d 42 BC), both former Pompeians who'd been pardoned by Caesar after the battle of Pharsalus. He was, at the excuse of some of the connspirators, who claimed to want to present a petition to him, lured into one of the back room of Pampey's Theatre in Rome. (The rooms of the theatre were used for senatorial affairs, while the senate building was being restored.) There the conspirators pounced and Caesar was stabbed 23 times (15 March 44 BC).
sources:
http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/caesar-index.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar
http://www.history.com/topics/julius-caesar/photos#